![]() ![]() Run the ls command with -help to see the list of all the options. It is used to display help for the ls command. It is used to list subdirectories recursively. It is used to list files in reverse order while sorting. It is used to print the index number of each file. Provide a detailed long listing format with details like owner, permissions, size, etc. To sort the files by ctime (last modification time), and show the newest first. It is used to ignore the listing of backup files. List the directories but not their content It is used to print the author information of each file. It is used to show all the files, even the files starting with. Here are a few commonly used options with the ls command. There are many options available that you can use with the ls command. Just write ls, and hit enter to see all the files and directories present in the current directory. Here is how you can use the ls command, ls The following is the syntax of the ls command in Linux. The output of the ls command is colored whereas dir command is not colored. In other environments, such as DOS(Disk Operating System) and Microsoft Windows similar functionality is provided by the dir (directory) command. The ls command is also available in the EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) shell. If we use ls command without any arguments it lists the files and sub-directory in the current working directory. You will learn about this command in detail with all the available options and examples in this tutorial. This is the most commonly used command that every Linux user uses. In general, when I need to list hidden files, this is the command I use.In Linux, to list all the files present inside a directory or a subdirectory, you can use the ls command. Now we see the long format of all files in this directory, including hidden files. You could enter each option separately like this "ls -a -l Downloads", but you can actually combine options, which means you can simply type "ls -al Downloads", so that's what I'll do. Now, I mentioned that I use these commands together, so I'll show you how to do that. The "-l" option shows the list in "long format" which includes the permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size, last-modified date and the filename. It's the "-l" option, and if I type "ls -l Downloads" you can see it in action. There are other options that can be passed to the "ls" command, and if you're interested, I'd encourage you to Google them, or take a look at this Wikipedia article but I'm just going to show you one more, because I almost never use the -a option without it. (Windows machines also have a similar file.) The ".hiddenfile" file is actually just a dummy file that I created. The ".DS_Store" file is a metadata file that the Mac operating system creates in each directory and contains information about that directory and its contents. You'll also notice that they are not shown in Finder by default. These are hidden files, and are not included in the "ls" command by default. We also see a few files that start with a ".". I'll talk more about that in the next section. The "." and "." items simply represent the current directory and one level up respectively. This time, we see a few more items in the list. For example, the "-a" option will show all files and folders, including hidden ones. ![]() The "ls" command has many options that, when passed, affect the output.
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